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Meaning of SAMUEL (Book)

(a) Name and subdivision.
These two books originally constituted a single volume, as attested by a Masoretic note in 1 Sam. 28:24, stating that this verse is the central one of the work.



(a) Name and subdivision.
These two books originally constituted a single volume, as attested by a Masoretic note in 1 Sam. 28:24, stating that this verse is the central one of the work.

There are more. Hebrews, and Josephus' enumeration of the books of the OT present this work as a whole. Bomberg introduced this division in the rabbinic Bible that he made appear in Venice, from 1516 to 1517, a division coming from the LXX and the Vulgate.

This work is very appropriately named after Samuel: this judge is the most important character during the first half of the period in question.

He was also one of the greatest prophets of Israel, who organized the kingdom, and was God's instrument in the election of Saul and David, also helping Saul throughout the time in which this king remained faithful to the will of God. As the work contains the history of the first two kings, in the LXX it is divided into two parts, which there are called the First and Second Book of Kingdoms.

As for the next two historical books (1 and 2 Kings in our versions), the LXX gives them the name 3 and 4 of the Kingdoms. Jerome, in the Vulgate, changes the title "Book of Kingdoms" to "Book of Kings."
In the Hebrew canon, 1 and 2 Samuel are placed within the previous Prophets.

(b) Content.
Three sections can be distinguished.

(A) Samuel, prophet and judge (1 Sam. 1-7): his birth, childhood, call to prophetic ministry (1 Sam. 3:20); his undisputed authority after the death of Eli (ch. 4); his work of reform and the triumph of his spiritual intervention, at the time when the Philistines attack Israel, which gives him the role of liberating judge (1 Sam. 7: 1-12). Summary of the results of his administration (1 Sam. 7: 13-17).

(B) Reign of Saul (1 Sam. 8-31).

(I) The people ask old Samuel to establish a king over Israel. The prophet agrees, despite himself (ch. 8). Samuel meets Saul; he privately gives him the royal anointing (1 Sam. 9:1-10:16).

Samuel summons the people to Mizpah, where Saul is chosen king by lots (1 Sam. 10:17-26), and is despised by some malcontents (1 Sam. 10:27). Saul's victory over the Ammonites confirms his status as king (1 Sam. 11).

Samuel addresses the people, and then retires from public life (1 Sam. 12).

(II) The Philistines are defeated, but Saul disobeys Jehovah's command regarding sacrifice (1 Sam. 13). Jonathan attacks a Philistine garrison and puts the enemies to flight (1 Sam. 14:1-46).

Recapitulation of Saul's wars (1 Sam. 14:47, 48). His family (1 Sam. 14: 49-51). Detailed account of the war against the Amalekites; Saul disobeys God's orders for the second time (1 Sam. 15).

(III) Last years of Saul's reign; his attitude toward David (1 Sam. 16-31). God rejects Saul, and orders Samuel to anoint David (1 Sam. 16:1-13).

Saul, tormented by an evil spirit, invites David, a harp player, to court (1 Sam. 16:14-23). David kills Goliath and remains with the king ever since (1 Sam. 17:1-18 5). Jealousy of Saul; he attempts on David's life (1 Sam. 18:6-19:17).

David's flight and wandering life (1 Sam. 19:18-27:12). Philistine invasion; Saul consults the fortune teller of Endor (1 Sam. 28). Battle of Gilboa, death of Saul (1 Sam. 31). King David (2 Sam. 1-24).

David learns of Saul's death (2 Sam. 1). Rivalry of David supported by the men of Judah with Ish-bosheth supported by all the other tribes (2 Sam. 2-4). David proclaimed king by all the tribes of Israel (2 Sam. 5:1-3). His reign (2 Sam. 5:4-24:25) (See DAVID)

(c) The institution of the monarchy marks an important turning point in the history of Israel. The anarchy of the times of the Judges had succeeded the theocracy of Moses and Joshua.

Samuel rectified the situation, but the people were not willing to depend directly on the holy God. On the other hand, their lack of faith made them tremble before their enemies, and made them desire to have a king “as all nations have” (1 Sam. 8:5).

Samuel expressed his strong displeasure (1 Sam. 8:6, 12, 17-19), and the Lord pointed out to him that it was Himself and His authority that the people rejected (1 Sam. 8:7-9). ).

Saul was then chosen with all prior warnings as to the seriousness of his decision (1 Sam. 8:10-10:27; 11:12-25); Yet in his condescension, God did not abandon his people.

He sustained Saul as long as he remained faithful (1 Sam. 10:24-26; 11:6-13; 12:22; 14:23), but rejected him because of his disobedience (1 Sam. 13). : 13-14; 15: 22-23).

David was then chosen, "the chosen man after God's own heart" (1 Sam. 16:1-13), who truly walked in the ways of Jehovah (except in the matter of Uriah, 1 Kings 15:5). .

The Lord promised him that from his line the Messiah would emerge (2 Sam 7: 8-16), the divine king, the only one capable of fulfilling God's plan and establishing theocracy on just and eternal foundations.

«Esta superposición de los dos designios, uno divino y espiritual, y otro humano y carnal, se manifiesta en la historia de Saúl y de David a través de todo el libro (Manley, «Nouveau Manuel de la Bible», p. 176; cfr. E. Robertson, «Samuel and Saul»).

(d) Redacción, fecha, autenticidad.

Samuel escribió en un libro «las leyes del reino», y lo depositó delante de Jehová (1 S. 10:25). Las acciones destacadas de David fueron consignadas en los «libros» de Samuel el vidente y de los profetas Natán y Gad, obras conocidas por el redactor del libro de Crónicas (1 Cr. 29:29).

El mismo Samuel murió antes del final del reinado de Saúl (1 S. 25:1); pero en la corte de David se hallaban Josafat, cronista, y Seraías, el escriba (2 S. 8:16-17). Por otra parte, está claro que un pasaje como 2 S. 5:4-5 tuvo que ser escrito después de la muerte de David.

Se ha preguntado si la alusión a los reyes de Judá en 1 S. 27:6 significa que este libro fue acabado después del cisma. Sin embargo, la distinción entre Judá e Israel ya existía en la época de David (1 S. 11:8; 17:52; 2 S. 3:10; 24:1).

Se puede citar también del libro apócrifo 2 Mac. 2:13: «Nehemías... había reunido una biblioteca y puesto en ella los libros de los reyes, los de los profetas y los de David.»

Es indudable que nuestros dos libros de Samuel debían hallarse en esta colección, y por consiguiente formarían parte del canon desde antes de la época de los Macabeos. La redacción de 1 y 2 Samuel parece haber sido hecha al inicio de la monarquía, sobre la base de los documentos de primera mano ya mencionados.

Kirkpatrick admite como básicamente cierta la tradición que atribuye al mismo Samuel la sección de 1 S. 1-24 y el resto a Natán y a Gad. Añade además que si este libro fue redactado por medio de las crónicas de Samuel, de Natán y de Gad, y completado gracias a documentos provenientes de las escuelas de los profetas, procede entonces de los mejores documentos posibles (Cambridge Bible).

En efecto, «el autor de estos vivaces y detallados relatos, sencillos y carentes de artificio, vivió indudablemente no mucho después de los sucesos relatados.

Los detalles geográficos son escrupulosamente exactos, y la ausencia de nombres compuestos con el de Baal, señala el profesor Hommel, se explica por la influencia de Samuel» (Manley, op. cit., p. 175, y Hommel, «Ancient Hebrew Tradition»).

La presentación de Elí sin comentarios de ningún tipo en 1 S. 1:3 lleva a pensar que era todavía recordado con claridad. Además, se puede constatar en 1 y 2 Samuel una unidad de plan y de objetivo que muestra que los documentos históricos anteriores han sido manejados por un solo autor.

A pesar de todo lo anterior, hay algunos críticos que insisten en ver en esta obra una amalgama de dos (o tres) fuentes divergentes, semejantes a las pretendidas para el Pentateuco (véase PENTATEUCO).

En esta especulación, para el «autor J», en el siglo X a.C., Samuel sería un vidente desconocido; para E, en el siglo VIII a.C., se trataría de un gran héroe nacional.

Más tarde se habrían dado añadiduras, durante el siglo VI, por parte de un autor «deuteronónico», que habría modificado ciertos pasajes según sus convicciones. En realidad, hay sólo unos pocos puntos oscuros, lo cual no es de sorprender en un libro tan antiguo.

(A) La doble presentación de David a Saúl (1 S. 16:17-23 y 17:55-58). Sin embargo, se trata de una aparente dificultad con una explicación satisfactoria: en el primer pasaje el rey tenía suficiente conque el joven tañedor de arpa le distrajera; sin embargo, para dar su hija al vencedor de Goliat, deseaba saber con toda precisión posible quién era el padre y la familia de David.

(B) El doble relato de la muerte de Saúl parece contradictorio a primera vista (1 S. 31:4-5; 2 S. 1:6-10). No obstante, es evidente que el extranjero amalecita, conociendo la persecución de que había sido objeto David por parte de Saúl, le mintió para conseguir un beneficio propio; para amarga sorpresa suya, se encontró conque se había acusado de un crimen a los ojos de David, muriendo a causa de su embuste. La aparente contradicción no es tal, sino que deriva de un falso relato de un amalecita frente al genuino anterior.

(C) El proverbio «¿Saúl también entre los profetas?» se cita dos veces (1 S. 10:11; 19:24); pero no hay ninguna razón para que no haya podido recibir su origen de dos circunstancias repetidas.

(D) Otros críticos ven «dobletes» en las dos ocasiones en que David perdonó la vida a Saúl (1 S. 24:7; 26:9), pero no hay nada en contra de que David repitiera su acto magnánimo; se debe tener en cuenta que las persecuciones de Saúl contra David duraron más de diez años (2 S. 5:4).

Además de las plausibles soluciones que tienen estas aparentes dificultades, el libro presenta una sólida homogeneidad argumental, estilística y de plan. Se puede afirmar que el libro de Samuel es una de las mejores obras en prosa de la literatura hebrea.



Praise unites us also with one another. Here is “the only potential bond between the extremes of mankind: joyful preoccupation with God.” Praise the Lord!

DAILY DEVOTIONAL

The Praise that Unites All

Timothy Keller
Praise Those Unites. We see extremes brought together in praise: wild animals and kings, old and young. Young men and maids, old men and babes. How can humans be brought into the music? He has raised up for his people a horn, a strong deliverer.
All of nature sings God’s glory; we alone are out of tune. The question is this: How can we be brought back into the great music?

DAILY DEVOTIONAL

Praise Resounds Throughout Creation

Timothy Keller
The Praise Of Creation. Praise comes to God from all he has made. It begins in the highest heaven (verses 1–4). It comes from the sun and moon and stars (verse 3), from the clouds and rain (verse 4).
Christians are saved by faith, not by obeying the law, but the law shows us how to please, love, and resemble the one who saved us by grace.

DAILY DEVOTIONAL

True Worship that Pleases the Lord

Timothy Keller
A little boy left his toys out and went in to practice the piano, using hymns for his lesson. When his mother called him to pick up his toys, he said, “I ca n’t eat; “I’m singing praise to Jesus.” His mother responded: “There's no use singing God's praises when you're being disobedient.”
Psalm 19 tells us that, unless you repress it, you can still hear the stars singing about their maker.

DAILY DEVOTIONAL

From Heavenly Greatness to Inexhaustible Love

Timothy Keller
The number of stars is still uncountable by human science, yet God knows them by name (verse 4; cf. Isaiah 40:26). Job speaks of the creation, when “the morning stars sang together and all the angels shouted for joy” (Job 38:7).
This Christmas season, let’s remember to thank Him for His most precious gift to us: Himself.

DAILY DEVOTIONAL

The Gift of Himself

David Jeremiah
Long ago, there ruled a wise and good king in Persia who loved his people and often dressed in the clothes of a working man or a beggar so he could visit the poor and learn about their hardships.
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